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Cut the bread into 1-inch cubes. In a small bowl, beat the cream cheese with the powdered sugar and 1 teaspoon vanilla until smooth.
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Grease a 9x13-inch baking dish. Spread half the bread cubes in an even layer. Drop spoonfuls of the cream cheese mixture over the bread, then top with the remaining bread cubes.
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In a large bowl, whisk together the eggs, milk, heavy cream, maple syrup, cinnamon, and remaining vanilla until smooth. Pour the custard evenly over the bread, pressing gently so every piece absorbs some liquid.
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Mix the brown sugar and softened butter together into a crumbly topping. Scatter it over the casserole.
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Cover tightly with plastic wrap and refrigerate overnight (or at least 4 hours). This step lets the bread soak up all that custard.
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When ready to bake, preheat your oven to 350°F. Remove the plastic wrap and bake for 40-45 minutes until the top is puffed, golden, and the center is set (not jiggly).
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Let it cool for 5-10 minutes, then dust with powdered sugar and serve with warm maple syrup. This feeds a crowd and reheats beautifully.